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Cytokines

Cytokines are small molecular proteins with a wide range of biological activities, which are synthesized and secreted by immune cells (such as monocytes, macrophages, T cells, B cells, NK cells, etc.) and certain non-immune cells (endothelial cells, epidermal cells, fibroblasts, etc.) upon stimulation. Generally, cytokines regulate cell growth, differentiation, and effector functions, as well as immune responses by binding to their corresponding receptors. Cytokines (CK) are low-molecular-weight soluble proteins produced by a variety of cells induced by immunogens, mitogens, or other stimulants. They have multiple functions, including regulating innate and adaptive immunity, hematopoiesis, cell growth, APSC pluripotent cells, and damaged tissue repair. Cytokines can be classified into interleukins, interferons, the tumor necrosis factor superfamily, colony-stimulating factors, chemokines, growth factors, etc.